Rows of old wooden school desks in an empty classroom

Grant recipient EIN 38-1359081Education

Who funds Albion College?

70 private foundations gave Albion College in Albion, MI $12 million across 229 grants, in tax years 2017 to 2025.

Grants listed on funders’ 990-PF returns for tax years 2017 to 2025, read from the IRS e-file on Nov 11, 2026. Returns reach the IRS 5 to 18 months after the year they describe.

Grants received by year

Grants from private foundations by the funder’s tax year. The latest year is in blue; it is not complete until all its returns reach the IRS.

Every foundation grant, by year

229 grants

Each line as the funder listed it on its return, newest year first, then largest.

  1. The Serra FoundationFenton, MI 2025

    General Use

    $205,000
  2. Laughlin FoundationCincinnati, OH 2025

    Support daily operations

    $56,713
  3. WLSR FoundationNaples, FL 2025

    General operations

    $45,000
  4. Gladys Bradstrum Charitable TRCincinnati, OH 2025

    Scholarship

    $35,250
  5. Allison K Short FoundationBay City, MI 2025

    Operations

    $16,000
  6. Alexander and Sarah Cutler Family FoundationGates Mills, OH 2025

    General tax-exempt purposes

    $12,097
  7. The Legion FoundationNorthville, MI 2025

    Scholarship grant

    $10,855
  8. Carlsen Muir Family FoundationFolsom, CA 2025

    Mission of the organization: An independent, coeducational, residential college founded more than 175 years ago, Albion is committed to the liberal arts tradition. Historically related to the United Methodist Church, the College is dedicated to preserving the values of the past, to serving the needs of the present and to anticipating the goals of the future.

    $10,000
  9. Corwill and Margie Jackson Foundation CoCincinnati, OH 2025

    Support of daily operations

    $6,000
  10. The Block FoundationNorthville, MI 2025

    To fund the women's golf program

    $5,000
  11. Serra Family FoundationGrand Blanc, MI 2025

    General Use

    $5,000
  12. Laura Ludington Hollenbeck FoundationMidland, MI 2025

    Operating fund

    $3,000
  13. Fred H HarrisonPittsburgh, PA 2025

    General support

    $2,753
  14. Frank L Jr and Margaret T Klapperich FoundationWinnetka, IL 2025

    General Support

    $2,500
  15. Sutar-Sutaruk-Meyer FoundationBloomfield Hills, MI 2025

    Educational purposes

    $1,500
  16. Merit FoundationMount Prospect, IL 2025

    Education

    $1,500
  17. Frank L & Helen Gofrank FoundationRochester, MI 2025

    To support education

    $1,000
  18. The Hehl Family FoundationClarkston, MI 2025

    Promote education

    $750
  19. The Beyer Family Foundation IncBirmingham, MI 2025

    General budget

    $150
  20. The Karen and Paul Schaefer FoundationTravelers Rest, SC 2025

    Charitable

    $100
  21. Myer & Lois Franklin Charitable TRJackson, MI 2025

    Scholarship

    -$5,000
  22. Alexander and Sarah Cutler Family FoundationGates Mills, OH 2024

    General tax-exempt purposes

    $400,000
  23. The Serra FoundationFenton, MI 2024

    General Use

    $205,000
  24. Laughlin FoundationCincinnati, OH 2024

    Support daily operations

    $56,558
  25. WLSR FoundationNaples, FL 2024

    General operations

    $40,354
  26. David B Jones FoundationWilmington, DE 2024

    Undergraduate Research on Macro- to Micro-scale Trends in Fossil Accumulation and Preservation during the Permian Period of the Intermountain West

    $37,334
  27. Gladys Bradstrum Charitable TRCincinnati, OH 2024

    Scholarship

    $31,675
  28. Pinkerton FoundationNew York, NY 2024

    General support

    $25,000
  29. Allison K Short FoundationBay City, MI 2024

    Operations

    $16,000
  30. Frank L Jr and Margaret T Klapperich FoundationWinnetka, IL 2024

    General Support

    $7,500
  31. The Drake-Lovejoy FoundationPittsburgh, PA 2024

    General support

    $6,454
  32. The Block FoundationNorthville, MI 2024

    To fund the women's golf program

    $5,000
  33. The Isabel FoundationFlint, MI 2024

    Matching grant for general operating expenses

    $5,000
  34. The Korff FoundationComstock Park, MI 2024

    Educational

    $5,000
  35. Serra Family FoundationGrand Blanc, MI 2024

    General Use

    $5,000
  36. The Ravitz FoundationFarmington Hills, MI 2024

    Tennis spring trip

    $4,000
  37. Myer & Lois Franklin Charitable TRJackson, MI 2024

    Scholarship

    $3,500
  38. Laura Ludington Hollenbeck FoundationMidland, MI 2024

    Operating fund

    $3,000
  39. Fred H HarrisonPittsburgh, PA 2024

    General support

    $2,647
  40. Charles Stewart Mott FoundationFlint, MI 2024

    For the general purposes or other charitable purposes of the organization.

    $2,250
  41. Sutar-Sutaruk-Meyer FoundationBloomfield Hills, MI 2024

    Educational purposes

    $1,500
  42. The Cigna Group FoundationPhiladelphia, PA 2024

    General operating purpose

    $1,100
  43. Chuck and Dee Howey Family FoundationFlat Rock, MI 2024

    General purpose

    $1,000
  44. Frank L & Helen Gofrank FoundationRochester, MI 2024

    Education

    $1,000
  45. The Hehl Family FoundationClarkston, MI 2024

    Promote education

    $750
  46. JPMorgan Chase FoundationNew York, NY 2024

    Matching contribution (general operating support)

    $400
  47. GE Aerospace FoundationNorwalk, CT 2024

    Matching gift

    $325
  48. The RR FoundationBloomfield Hills, MI 2024

    Charity

    $250
  49. The Karen and Paul Schaefer FoundationTravelers Rest, SC 2024

    Charitable

    $100
  50. Texas Instruments FoundationDallas, TX 2024

    Donations to colleges, universities and other organizations under "matching gifts program."

    $100
  51. Alexander and Sarah Cutler Family FoundationGates Mills, OH 2023

    General tax-exempt purposes

    $400,000
  52. David B Jones FoundationWilmington, DE 2023

    Undergraduate Research on Macro- to Micro-scale Trends in Fossil Accumulation and Preservation during the Permian Period of the Intermountain West

    $45,334
  53. Gladys Bradstrum Charitable TRCincinnati, OH 2023

    Scholarship

    $32,000
  54. WLSR FoundationNaples, FL 2023

    General operations

    $27,057
  55. Drsamuel Shaheen Family FoundationSaginaw, MI 2023

    Contribution

    $25,000
  56. Allison K Short FoundationBay City, MI 2023

    Operations

    $16,000
  57. Myer & Lois Franklin Charitable TRJackson, MI 2023

    Scholarship

    $15,000
  58. Myer & Lois Franklin Charitable TRJackson, MI 2023

    Scholarship

    $9,000
  59. The Drake-Lovejoy FoundationPittsburgh, PA 2023

    General support

    $6,112
  60. The Pomeroy Family FoundationMechanicsburg, PA 2023

    General use of charity

    $5,000
  61. The Block FoundationNorthville, MI 2023

    To fund the women's golf program

    $5,000
  62. The Korff FoundationComstock Park, MI 2023

    Educational

    $5,000
  63. Serra Family FoundationGrand Blanc, MI 2023

    General use

    $5,000
  64. La Michoacana Foundation IncHouston, TX 2023

    Scholarship

    $5,000
  65. Laura Ludington Hollenbeck FoundationMidland, MI 2023

    Operating fund

    $3,000
  66. Fred H HarrisonPittsburgh, PA 2023

    General support

    $2,780
  67. Frank L Jr and Margaret T Klapperich FoundationWinnetka, IL 2023

    General Support

    $2,500
  68. Marquette Bank Education FoundationChicago, IL 2023

    Scholarships

    $2,500
  69. WK Kellogg FoundationBattle Creek, MI 2023

    Matching Grant

    $2,000
  70. Sutar-Sutaruk-Meyer FoundationBloomfield Hills, MI 2023

    Educational purposes

    $1,500
  71. Lavere & Gladys Chase Scholarship FDDetroit, MI 2023

    Scholarship

    $1,100
  72. Grove Family Educational Trust 00C671Muncie, IN 2023

    Scholarships

    $1,024
  73. Frank L & Helen Gofrank FoundationRochester, MI 2023

    Education

    $1,000
  74. The Hehl Family FoundationClarkston, MI 2023

    Promote education

    $750
  75. The Cigna Group FoundationPhiladelphia, PA 2023

    General operating purpose

    $400
  76. Amazonsmile FoundationSeattle, WA 2023

    General support

    $122
  77. The Karen and Paul Schaefer FoundationTravelers Rest, SC 2023

    Charitable

    $100
  78. Texas Instruments FoundationDallas, TX 2023

    Donations to colleges, universities and other organizations under "matching gifts program."

    $100
  79. Albemarle FoundationCharlotte, NC 2023

    Program Assistance

    $50
  80. Albemarle FoundationCharlotte, NC 2023

    Program Assistance

    $50
  81. The Serra FoundationFenton, MI 2022

    General use

    $1,000,000
  82. Drsamuel Shaheen Family FoundationSaginaw, MI 2022

    Contribution

    $1,000,000
  83. The Klungness Family Foundation IncWilmington, DE 2022

    Klungness Scholarship fund

    $400,000
  84. Alexander and Sarah Cutler Family FoundationGates Mills, OH 2022

    General tax-exempt purposes

    $400,000
  85. Harry A and Margaret D Towsley FoundationAnn Arbor, MI 2022

    Program support

    $100,000
  86. WLSR FoundationNaples, FL 2022

    General operations

    $83,000
  87. Gladys Bradstrum Charitable TRCincinnati, OH 2022

    Scholarship

    $37,000
  88. Allison K Short FoundationBay City, MI 2022

    Operations

    $16,000
  89. The Drake-Lovejoy FoundationPittsburgh, PA 2022

    General support

    $7,086
  90. The Pomeroy Family FoundationMechanicsburg, PA 2022

    General use of charity

    $5,500
  91. The Block FoundationNorthville, MI 2022

    To fund the women's golf program

    $5,000
  92. Frank L Jr and Margaret T Klapperich FoundationWinnetka, IL 2022

    General support

    $5,000
  93. Serra Family FoundationGrand Blanc, MI 2022

    General use

    $5,000
  94. Laura Ludington Hollenbeck FoundationMidland, MI 2022

    Operating fund

    $4,000
  95. Fred H HarrisonPittsburgh, PA 2022

    General support

    $3,201
  96. Myer & Lois Franklin Charitable TRJackson, MI 2022

    Scholarship

    $3,000
  97. Lavere & Gladys Chase Scholarship FDDetroit, MI 2022

    Scholarship

    $2,750
  98. La Michoacana Foundation IncHouston, TX 2022

    Scholarship

    $2,500
  99. Sutar-Sutaruk-Meyer FoundationBloomfield Hills, MI 2022

    Educational purposes

    $1,500
  100. S & L Marx FoundationWilmington, DE 2022

    Hank Huth Scholarship Fund

    $1,000
  101. Charles Stewart Mott FoundationFlint, MI 2022

    For the general purposes or other charitable purposes of the organization.

    $1,000
  102. Frank L & Helen Gofrank FoundationRochester, MI 2022

    Education

    $1,000
  103. The VombergTrumley FoundationOkemos, MI 2022

    Educational assistance

    $1,000
  104. Dunbar Foundation IncLouisville, KY 2022

    Educational

    $1,000
  105. The Hehl Family FoundationClarkston, MI 2022

    Promote education

    $750
  106. GE Aerospace FoundationNorwalk, CT 2022

    Matching gifts

    $500
  107. The Pfizer Foundation IncNew York, NY 2022

    Matching gifts

    $400
  108. Amazonsmile FoundationSeattle, WA 2022

    General support

    $103
  109. The Karen and Paul Schaefer FoundationTravelers Rest, SC 2022

    Charitable

    $100
  110. Texas Instruments FoundationDallas, TX 2022

    Donations to colleges, universities and other organizations under "matching gifts program."

    $100
  111. The Serra FoundationFenton, MI 2021

    General use

    $1,000,000
  112. Fredk Scholarship FundPierson, MI 2021

    Charitable gift

    $885,911
  113. Alexander and Sarah Cutler Family FoundationGates Mills, OH 2021

    General tax-exempt purposes

    $400,000
  114. Arthur V Davis Foundation PF #3Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 2021

    General operating

    $265,000
  115. Harry A and Margaret D Towsley FoundationAnn Arbor, MI 2021

    Program support

    $100,000
  116. Fredk Scholarship FundPierson, MI 2021

    Scholarships

    $50,000
  117. Gladys Bradstrum Charitable TRCincinnati, OH 2021

    Scholarship

    $37,000
  118. Allison K Short FoundationBay City, MI 2021

    Operations

    $15,000
  119. WLSR FoundationNaples, FL 2021

    General operations

    $10,000
  120. Frank L Jr and Margaret T Klapperich FoundationWinnetka, IL 2021

    General support

    $10,000
  121. The Isabel FoundationFlint, MI 2021

    International student travel fund

    $10,000
  122. Myer & Lois Franklin Charitable TRJackson, MI 2021

    Scholarship

    $7,500
  123. The Drake-Lovejoy FoundationPittsburgh, PA 2021

    General support

    $6,709
  124. The Pomeroy Family FoundationMechanicsburg, PA 2021

    General use of charity

    $5,000
  125. Serra Family FoundationGrand Blanc, MI 2021

    General use

    $5,000
  126. Landsburg FoundationTucson, AZ 2021

    Provide scholarships for students

    $5,000
  127. Laura Ludington Hollenbeck FoundationMidland, MI 2021

    Operating fund

    $4,000
  128. The VombergTrumley FoundationOkemos, MI 2021

    Educational assistance

    $3,000
  129. Fred H HarrisonPittsburgh, PA 2021

    General support

    $2,637
  130. GE Aerospace FoundationNorwalk, CT 2021

    Matching gifts

    $2,050
  131. Sutar-Sutaruk-Meyer FoundationBloomfield Hills, MI 2021

    Educational purposes

    $2,000
  132. Jonathan F Reichert FoundationincBuffalo, NY 2021

    Equipment purchase

    $2,000
  133. Swami Dayanand Education FoundationSugar Land, TX 2021

    Scholarship

    $2,000
  134. Charles Stewart Mott FoundationFlint, MI 2021

    For the general purposes or other charitable purposes of the organization.

    $1,000
  135. Frank L & Helen Gofrank FoundationRochester, MI 2021

    Promote education

    $1,000
  136. Dunbar Foundation IncLouisville, KY 2021

    Educational

    $1,000
  137. The Hehl Family FoundationClarkston, MI 2021

    Promote education

    $750
  138. The Pfizer Foundation IncNew York, NY 2021

    Matching gifts

    $650
  139. Consumers Energy FoundationJackson, MI 2021

    Employee/retiree matching gift

    $250
  140. The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncCharlotte, NC 2021

    Operational support

    $200
  141. The Karen and Paul Schaefer FoundationTravelers Rest, SC 2021

    Charitable

    $200
  142. Amazonsmile FoundationSeattle, WA 2021

    General support

    $76
  143. Consumers Energy FoundationJackson, MI 2021

    Employee/retiree matching gift

    $50
  144. Texas Instruments FoundationDallas, TX 2021

    Donations to colleges, universities and other organizations under "matching gifts program."

    $50
  145. Synthomer Foundation IncBeachwood, OH 2021

    Matching gifts

    $35
  146. The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncCharlotte, NC 2021

    Operational support

    $25
  147. The Serra FoundationFenton, MI 2020

    General use

    $1,000,000
  148. Alexander and Sarah Cutler Family FoundationGates Mills, OH 2020

    General tax-exempt purposes

    $400,000
  149. Harry A and Margaret D Towsley FoundationAnn Arbor, MI 2020

    Program support

    $100,000
  150. Gladys Bradstrum Charitable TRCincinnati, OH 2020

    Education

    $31,000
  151. WLSR FoundationNaples, FL 2020

    General operations

    $27,000
  152. Fredk Scholarship FundPierson, MI 2020

    Scholarships

    $20,000
  153. Serra Family FoundationGrand Blanc, MI 2020

    General use

    $15,000
  154. Allison K Short FoundationBay City, MI 2020

    Operations

    $10,000
  155. Ernest Wentcher Educational FundChicago, IL 2020

    Education

    $8,425
  156. The Drake-Lovejoy FoundationPittsburgh, PA 2020

    General support

    $6,280
  157. Myer & Lois Franklin Charitable TRJackson, MI 2020

    Scholarship

    $5,000
  158. The Korff FoundationComstock Park, MI 2020

    Educational

    $5,000
  159. Laura Ludington Hollenbeck FoundationMidland, MI 2020

    Operating fund

    $4,500
  160. The Pomeroy Family FoundationMechanicsburg, PA 2020

    General use of charity

    $4,000
  161. William G McGowan Charitable FundChicago, IL 2020

    Mcgowan small family fund program 2020

    $3,000
  162. Marquette Bank Education FoundationChicago, IL 2020

    Scholarships

    $2,500
  163. Fred H HarrisonPittsburgh, PA 2020

    General support

    $2,331
  164. Sutar-Sutaruk-Meyer FoundationBloomfield Hills, MI 2020

    Educational purposes

    $1,500
  165. Charles Stewart Mott FoundationFlint, MI 2020

    For the general purposes or other charitable purposes of the organization.

    $1,000
  166. Frank L & Helen Gofrank FoundationRochester, MI 2020

    Promote education

    $1,000
  167. The Alvin L Glick FoundationJackson, MI 2020

    General operating

    $1,000
  168. Dunbar Foundation IncLouisville, KY 2020

    Educational

    $1,000
  169. The Hehl Family FoundationClarkston, MI 2020

    Promote education

    $750
  170. IBM International FoundationArmonk, NY 2020

    Employee matching grant

    $425
  171. The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncCharlotte, NC 2020

    General support

    $250
  172. Consumers Energy FoundationJackson, MI 2020

    Employee/retiree matching gift

    $250
  173. The RR FoundationBloomfield Hills, MI 2020

    Charity

    $250
  174. The Karen and Paul Schaefer FoundationTravelers Rest, SC 2020

    Charitable

    $200
  175. Albemarle FoundationCharlotte, NC 2020

    Program assistance

    $100
  176. Duke Energy FoundationCharlotte, NC 2020

    Employee matching gifts

    $100
  177. Amazonsmile FoundationSeattle, WA 2020

    General support

    $77
  178. The Serra FoundationFenton, MI 2019

    General use

    $1,000,000
  179. Harry A and Margaret D Towsley FoundationAnn Arbor, MI 2019

    Program support

    $100,000
  180. Gladys Bradstrum Charitable TRCincinnati, OH 2019

    Education

    $30,498
  181. Serra Family FoundationGrand Blanc, MI 2019

    General use

    $20,000
  182. Ernest Wentcher Educational FundChicago, IL 2019

    Education

    $10,000
  183. WLSR FoundationNaples, FL 2019

    General operations

    $7,000
  184. The Drake-Lovejoy FoundationPittsburgh, PA 2019

    General support

    $5,620
  185. The Nelles FoundationLa Jolla, CA 2019

    Charitable purpose

    $5,000
  186. Sec Charitable CorporationNaples, FL 2019

    To further charitable works

    $5,000
  187. The Rick's Family Foundation IncIndianapolis, IN 2019

    In honor of mike harrington

    $5,000
  188. Houston Family FoundationSioux Falls, SD 2019

    General fund

    $4,500
  189. Myer & Lois Franklin Charitable TRJackson, MI 2019

    Scholarship

    $4,000
  190. The Pomeroy Family FoundationMechanicsburg, PA 2019

    General use of charity

    $3,500
  191. The Korff FoundationComstock Park, MI 2019

    Educational

    $3,000
  192. Laura Ludington Hollenbeck FoundationMidland, MI 2019

    Operating fund

    $3,000
  193. Fred H HarrisonPittsburgh, PA 2019

    General support

    $2,237
  194. Charles Stewart Mott FoundationFlint, MI 2019

    For the general purposes or other charitable purposes of the organization.

    $1,000
  195. Frank L & Helen Gofrank FoundationRochester, MI 2019

    Promote education

    $1,000
  196. The Alvin L Glick FoundationJackson, MI 2019

    General operating

    $1,000
  197. Dunbar Foundation IncLouisville, KY 2019

    Educational

    $1,000
  198. The Edmund B and Elizabeth M Campbell Foundation IncVenice, FL 2019

    General fund

    $1,000
  199. The Hehl Family FoundationClarkston, MI 2019

    Promote education

    $750
  200. The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncCharlotte, NC 2019

    Program/operating support

    $250
  201. The RR FoundationBloomfield Hills, MI 2019

    Charity

    $250
  202. Albemarle FoundationCharlotte, NC 2019

    Program assistance

    $100
  203. Chubb Charitable FoundationPhiladelphia, PA 2019

    matching gifts

    $50
  204. The Serra FoundationFenton, MI 2018

    General use

    $1,030,000
  205. Harry A and Margaret D Towsley FoundationAnn Arbor, MI 2018

    Program support

    $100,000
  206. WK Kellogg FoundationBattle Creek, MI 2018

    Matching Grant

    $40,000
  207. Gladys Bradstrum Charitable TRCincinnati, OH 2018

    Education

    $34,609
  208. Ernest Wentcher Educational FundChicago, IL 2018

    Education

    $10,000
  209. Serra Family FoundationGrand Blanc, MI 2018

    General use

    $10,000
  210. The Drake-Lovejoy FoundationPittsburgh, PA 2018

    General support

    $6,462
  211. The Nelles FoundationLa Jolla, CA 2018

    Charitable purpose

    $5,000
  212. WLSR FoundationNaples, FL 2018

    General operations

    $5,000
  213. The Pomeroy Family FoundationMechanicsburg, PA 2018

    General use of charity

    $3,500
  214. The Korff FoundationComstock Park, MI 2018

    Educational

    $3,000
  215. Laura Ludington Hollenbeck FoundationMidland, MI 2018

    Operating fund

    $2,500
  216. Fred H HarrisonPittsburgh, PA 2018

    General support

    $2,256
  217. Beta Iota Scholarship FoundationChicago, IL 2018

    The alumni association will give scholarships

    $2,000
  218. Sec Charitable CorporationNaples, FL 2018

    To further charitable works

    $2,000
  219. Myer & Lois Franklin Charitable TRJackson, MI 2018

    Scholarship

    $2,000
  220. Charles Stewart Mott FoundationFlint, MI 2018

    For the general purposes or other charitable purposes of the organization.

    $1,000
  221. The Alvin L Glick FoundationJackson, MI 2018

    General operating

    $1,000
  222. Dunbar Foundation IncLouisville, KY 2018

    Educational

    $1,000
  223. The Hehl Family FoundationClarkston, MI 2018

    Promote education

    $750
  224. The RR FoundationBloomfield Hills, MI 2018

    Charity

    $750
  225. The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncCharlotte, NC 2018

    Program/operating support

    $250
  226. The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncCharlotte, NC 2018

    Program/operating support

    $100
  227. The Karen and Paul Schaefer FoundationTravelers Rest, SC 2018

    Charitable

    $100
  228. The Hall Houseman Family FoundationRichland, MI 2018

    Operations

    $100
  229. WK Kellogg FoundationBattle Creek, MI 2017

    Matching Grant

    $200

Funders of similar organizations nearby

Foundations that gave to other education organizations in Michigan and are not among Albion College’s funders above.

  1. Dte Energy FoundationDetroit, MI 174 grants Accepts applications $5,948,750 to similar organizations
  2. The Skillman FoundationDetroit, MI 172 grants Accepts applications $13,783,056 to similar organizations
  3. Baird Foundation IncMilwaukee, WI 105 grants Preselected only $72,387 to similar organizations
  4. Ford PhilanthropyDearborn, MI 159 grants Preselected only $22,580,465 to similar organizations
  5. Verizon FoundationBasking Ridge, NJ 165 grants Preselected only $182,675 to similar organizations
  6. The Kresge FoundationTroy, MI 164 grants Accepts applications $52,417,334 to similar organizations
  7. The Ralph C Wilson Jr FoundationDetroit, MI 84 grants Accepts applications $14,042,285 to similar organizations
  8. Dick and Betsy Devos Family FoundationGrand Rapids, MI 60 grants Accepts applications $5,438,935 to similar organizations

About this match

Funders write a recipient’s name and address, not its EIN. We matched these grants to EIN 38-1359081 by name and ZIP code, or by name, city and State against the IRS list of exempt organizations and our list of filers. Grants we could not tie to one organization are not counted here.