Rows of old wooden school desks in an empty classroom

Grant recipient EIN 06-0646961Education

Who funds Westover School Inc?

60 private foundations gave Westover School Inc in Middlebury, CT $5.1 million across 235 grants, in tax years 2017 to 2025.

Grants listed on funders’ 990-PF returns for tax years 2017 to 2025, read from the IRS e-file on Nov 11, 2026. Returns reach the IRS 5 to 18 months after the year they describe.

Grants received by year

Grants from private foundations by the funder’s tax year. The latest year is in blue; it is not complete until all its returns reach the IRS.

Every foundation grant, by year

235 grants

Each line as the funder listed it on its return, newest year first, then largest.

  1. Esther W Spaulding Charitable TrustBuffalo, NY 2025

    To support private secondary schools for women

    $202,846
  2. Im the Molder Family FoundationDallas, TX 2025

    Unrestricted general

    $125,000
  3. MLE Foundation IncNew Canaan, CT 2025

    General purpose

    $15,000
  4. Cora Rust Owen Memorial TrustEagan, MN 2025

    General operating

    $10,965
  5. Marie Louise Escher Family Charitable Foundation IncPhiladelphia, PA 2025

    Annual fund raiser

    $7,000
  6. The Stuart L Higley Foundation IncNew Canaan, CT 2025

    Support for education programs

    $5,000
  7. Usny Ud M Rovensky 461 FDN NmaDallas, TX 2025

    Unrestricted general

    $3,404
  8. Higgins Elysabeth C B-TRPittsburgh, PA 2025

    General operating

    $3,000
  9. Haskell Family FoundationNew York, NY 2025

    Charitable contribution

    $2,500
  10. Hawksglen Foundation-TrPittsburgh, PA 2025

    General operating

    $2,500
  11. Sally Mead Hands FoundationMadison, WI 2025

    Operating funds

    $2,000
  12. The Cerimon Fund NmaDallas, TX 2025

    Unrestricted general

    $1,000
  13. The Thendara FoundationWilmington, DE 2025

    Class of 1964 annual fund

    $1,000
  14. Citizens Charitable FoundationJohnston, RI 2025

    Matching gifts

    $620
  15. Marianne and George Markham FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2025

    General

    $500
  16. The Ninigret Foundation IncSalt Lake City, UT 2025

    Education

    $500
  17. Gottlieb Family Foundation IncRye Brook, NY 2025

    General support

    $250
  18. Mathilde U and Albert Elser FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2025

    General

    $200
  19. Sharp FoundationWilmington, DE 2025

    Assist with financial help in their non-profit needs

    $100
  20. Esther W Spaulding Charitable TrustBuffalo, NY 2024

    To support private secondary schools for women

    $185,706
  21. Hugh L Adams Charitable TrustNew York, NY 2024

    General purpose grant

    $160,606
  22. Chase Collegiate School FoundationWaterbury, CT 2024

    Operating support

    $115,700
  23. TW Marian W Ottley-WatertownSaint Louis, MO 2024

    General operating

    $52,000
  24. Landry Family FoundationBoston, MA 2024

    Exempt purpose

    $25,000
  25. Higgins Elysabeth C B-TRPittsburgh, PA 2024

    General operating

    $18,000
  26. Arthur K Watson Trust XXXXX5001Chicago, IL 2024

    General

    $10,000
  27. Fraydun Foundation IncNew York, NY 2024

    General support

    $10,000
  28. MLE Foundation IncNew Canaan, CT 2024

    General purpose

    $10,000
  29. W L Lyons Brown FoundationLouisville, KY 2024

    Operational support

    $10,000
  30. Marie Louise Escher Family Charitable Foundation IncPhiladelphia, PA 2024

    Annual fund raiser

    $6,000
  31. Creighton Family FoundationBoston, MA 2024

    General charitable purposes

    $5,000
  32. Lubrano Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2024

    General support; family scholarship

    $5,000
  33. The Stuart L Higley Foundation IncNew Canaan, CT 2024

    Support for education programs

    $5,000
  34. Gold Family FoundationBurbank, CA 2024

    Cultural and educational advancement

    $5,000
  35. Usny Ud M Rovensky 461 FDN NmaDallas, TX 2024

    Unrestricted general

    $3,071
  36. Davis Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2024

    Charitable gift

    $3,000
  37. Hillman Family FoundationsPittsburgh, PA 2024

    Annual fund

    $3,000
  38. Haskell Family FoundationNew York, NY 2024

    Charitable contribution

    $2,500
  39. Hawksglen Foundation-TrPittsburgh, PA 2024

    General operating

    $2,500
  40. Angier Charitable FundBoston, MA 2024

    General purpose

    $1,900
  41. GE Aerospace FoundationNorwalk, CT 2024

    Matching gift

    $1,648
  42. The Cerimon Fund NmaDallas, TX 2024

    Unrestricted general

    $1,000
  43. Navias Family FoundationDallas, TX 2024

    Educational

    $1,000
  44. The Thendara FoundationWilmington, DE 2024

    Class of 1964 annual fund

    $1,000
  45. Sally Mead Hands FoundationMadison, WI 2024

    Operating funds

    $1,000
  46. Fidelity FoundationBoston, MA 2024

    Crosby matching gifts to education

    $500
  47. Fidelity FoundationBoston, MA 2024

    Crosby matching gifts to education

    $500
  48. Bucknall Family FoundationGreenwich, CT 2024

    Charitable

    $500
  49. Marianne and George Markham FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2024

    General

    $500
  50. Mathilde U and Albert Elser FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2024

    General

    $200
  51. Sharp FoundationWilmington, DE 2024

    Assist with financial help in their non-profit needs

    $100
  52. Angier Charitable FundBoston, MA 2023

    General purpose

    $492,857
  53. Martin and Brown FoundationMinneapolis, MN 2023

    General purpose to be determined by the grantee

    $200,000
  54. Esther W Spaulding Charitable TrustBuffalo, NY 2023

    To support private secondary schools for women

    $167,452
  55. Hugh L Adams Charitable TrustNew York, NY 2023

    General purpose grant

    $141,619
  56. Landry Family FoundationBoston, MA 2023

    Exempt purpose

    $25,000
  57. Higgins Elysabeth C B-TRPittsburgh, PA 2023

    General operating

    $15,000
  58. Arthur K Watson Trust XXXXX5001Chicago, IL 2023

    General

    $10,000
  59. W L Lyons Brown FoundationLouisville, KY 2023

    Operational support

    $10,000
  60. MLE Foundation IncNew Canaan, CT 2023

    General purpose

    $8,000
  61. Franklin P and Arthur W Perdue Foundation IncWilmington, DE 2023

    General & Unrestricted

    $7,500
  62. Hawksglen Foundation-TrPittsburgh, PA 2023

    General operating

    $5,300
  63. Cora Rust Owen Memorial TrustEagan, MN 2023

    General operating

    $5,250
  64. Creighton Family FoundationBoston, MA 2023

    Educational

    $5,000
  65. Lubrano Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2023

    General support; family scholarship

    $5,000
  66. Marie Louise Escher Family Charitable Foundation IncPhiladelphia, PA 2023

    Annual fund raiser

    $5,000
  67. The Cruz Family Foundation IncRumson, NJ 2023

    Unrestricted grant to support the organization's exempt purpose.

    $5,000
  68. Gold Family FoundationBurbank, CA 2023

    Cultural and educational advancement

    $5,000
  69. GE Aerospace FoundationNorwalk, CT 2023

    Matching gifts

    $3,103
  70. Usny Ud M Rovensky 461 FDN NmaDallas, TX 2023

    Unrestricted general

    $3,034
  71. Davis Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2023

    Charitable gift

    $3,000
  72. Hillman Family FoundationsPittsburgh, PA 2023

    Annual fund

    $3,000
  73. Sally Mead Hands FoundationMadison, WI 2023

    Operating funds

    $3,000
  74. Navias Family FoundationDallas, TX 2023

    Educational

    $2,500
  75. Sea Otter FoundationYarmouth, ME 2023

    Empower young women to lead lives of consequence

    $2,000
  76. The Thendara FoundationWilmington, DE 2023

    Class of 1964 annual fund

    $1,000
  77. The Cerimon Fund NmaDallas, TX 2023

    Unrestricted general

    $900
  78. Marianne and George Markham FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2023

    General

    $600
  79. Williams Charles F Scholarship FD PFDNBrooklyn, OH 2023

    Scholarship

    $500
  80. Bucknall Family FoundationGreenwich, CT 2023

    Charitable

    $250
  81. Amazonsmile FoundationSeattle, WA 2023

    General support

    $241
  82. Mathilde U and Albert Elser FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2023

    General

    $200
  83. Albemarle FoundationCharlotte, NC 2023

    Program Assistance

    $100
  84. Sharp FoundationWilmington, DE 2023

    Assist with financial help in their non-profit needs

    $100
  85. Citizens Charitable FoundationJohnston, RI 2023

    Matching gifts

    $50
  86. Esther W Spaulding Charitable TrustBuffalo, NY 2022

    To support private secondary schools for women

    $175,964
  87. Hugh L Adams Charitable TrustNew York, NY 2022

    General purpose grant

    $131,628
  88. Martin and Brown FoundationMinneapolis, MN 2022

    General purpose to be determined by the grantee

    $100,000
  89. Angier Charitable FundBoston, MA 2022

    General purpose

    $30,000
  90. Landry Family FoundationBoston, MA 2022

    Exempt purpose

    $25,000
  91. The Zeckhauser FoundationHobe Sound, FL 2022

    Research

    $15,000
  92. Higgins Elysabeth C B-TRPittsburgh, PA 2022

    General operating

    $15,000
  93. The Cruz Family Foundation IncRumson, NJ 2022

    Unrestricted grant to support the organization's exempt purpose.

    $15,000
  94. Franklin P and Arthur W Perdue Foundation IncWilmington, DE 2022

    Financial Aid scholarships of the Julie Faulstich fund

    $15,000
  95. W L Lyons Brown FoundationLouisville, KY 2022

    Operational support

    $15,000
  96. Fraydun Foundation IncNew York, NY 2022

    General contribution

    $10,000
  97. Marie Louise Escher Family Charitable Foundation IncPhiladelphia, PA 2022

    Annual fund raiser

    $8,000
  98. MLE Foundation IncNew Canaan, CT 2022

    General purpose

    $8,000
  99. Sally Mead Hands FoundationMadison, WI 2022

    Operating funds

    $6,000
  100. Lubrano Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2022

    General charitable purposes; family scholarship

    $5,500
  101. Arthur K Watson Trust XXXXX5001Chicago, IL 2022

    General

    $5,000
  102. Gold Family FoundationBurbank, CA 2022

    Cultural and educational advancement

    $5,000
  103. Creighton Family FoundationBoston, MA 2022

    Educational

    $4,000
  104. Hawksglen Foundation-TrPittsburgh, PA 2022

    General operating

    $4,000
  105. Davis Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2022

    Charitable gift

    $3,000
  106. Usny Ud M Rovensky 461 FDN NmaDallas, TX 2022

    Unrestricted general

    $2,940
  107. Navias Family FoundationDallas, TX 2022

    Educational

    $2,500
  108. Haskell Family FoundationNew York, NY 2022

    Charitable contribution

    $2,000
  109. Bucknall Family FoundationGreenwich, CT 2022

    Charitable

    $1,000
  110. The Cerimon Fund NmaDallas, TX 2022

    Unrestricted general

    $1,000
  111. The Thendara FoundationWilmington, DE 2022

    Class of 1964 annual fund

    $1,000
  112. Darden Restaurants Inc FoundationOrlando, FL 2022

    Grants - education gift match

    $780
  113. The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncCharlotte, NC 2022

    Program/operating support

    $600
  114. Marianne and George Markham FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2022

    General

    $600
  115. Williams Charles F Scholarship FD PFDNBrooklyn, OH 2022

    Scholarship

    $500
  116. Amazonsmile FoundationSeattle, WA 2022

    General support

    $214
  117. Sedgwick Family Charitable TRBrooklyn, OH 2022

    General operating

    $200
  118. Mathilde U and Albert Elser FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2022

    General

    $200
  119. Citizens Charitable FoundationJohnston, RI 2022

    Matching gift

    $130
  120. Sharp FoundationWilmington, DE 2022

    Assist with financial help in their non-profit needs

    $100
  121. Albemarle FoundationCharlotte, NC 2022

    Program assistance

    $50
  122. Hugh L Adams Charitable TrustNew York, NY 2021

    General purpose grant

    $165,029
  123. Esther W Spaulding Charitable TrustBuffalo, NY 2021

    To support private secondary schools for women

    $163,944
  124. Chase Collegiate School FoundationWaterbury, CT 2021

    Funding of scholarships

    $62,500
  125. Landry Family FoundationBoston, MA 2021

    Exempt purpose

    $25,000
  126. Higgins Elysabeth C B-TRPittsburgh, PA 2021

    General operating

    $21,000
  127. Arthur K Watson Trust XXXXX5001Chicago, IL 2021

    General

    $20,000
  128. Gold Family FoundationBurbank, CA 2021

    Cultural and educational advancement

    $20,000
  129. Sally Mead Hands FoundationMadison, WI 2021

    Operating funds

    $11,000
  130. The Zeckhauser FoundationHobe Sound, FL 2021

    Research

    $10,000
  131. The Cruz Family Foundation IncRumson, NJ 2021

    Unrestricted grant to support the organization's exempt purpose.

    $10,000
  132. W L Lyons Brown FoundationLouisville, KY 2021

    Operational support

    $10,000
  133. Bakerville FoundationCaptiva, FL 2021

    General

    $10,000
  134. Marie Louise Escher Family Charitable Foundation IncPhiladelphia, PA 2021

    Annual fund raiser

    $8,000
  135. MLE Foundation IncNew Canaan, CT 2021

    General purpose

    $7,000
  136. Cora Rust Owen Memorial TrustEagan, MN 2021

    General operating

    $6,250
  137. Lubrano Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2021

    Family scholarship

    $5,000
  138. Principle Quest FoundationPort Washington, NY 2021

    Charitable contribution

    $5,000
  139. Creighton Family FoundationBoston, MA 2021

    Educational

    $4,000
  140. Davis Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2021

    Charitable gift

    $3,000
  141. Usny Ud M Rovensky 461 FDN NmaDallas, TX 2021

    Unrestricted general

    $2,720
  142. Navias Family FoundationDallas, TX 2021

    Educational

    $2,500
  143. Fidelity FoundationBoston, MA 2021

    Matching gifts to education

    $1,000
  144. Williams Charles F Scholarship FD PFDNBrooklyn, OH 2021

    Scholarship

    $1,000
  145. The Thendara FoundationWilmington, DE 2021

    Class of 1964 annual fund

    $1,000
  146. Marianne and George Markham FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2021

    General

    $600
  147. The Stuart L Higley Foundation IncNew Canaan, CT 2021

    Support for education programs

    $500
  148. IBM International FoundationArmonk, NY 2021

    Employee matching grant

    $385
  149. Amazonsmile FoundationSeattle, WA 2021

    General support

    $259
  150. Mathilde U and Albert Elser FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2021

    General

    $200
  151. Sharp FoundationWilmington, DE 2021

    Assist with financial help in their non-profit needs

    $100
  152. Albemarle FoundationCharlotte, NC 2021

    Program assistance

    $50
  153. Henry L OBrien Foundation IncSarasota, FL 2020

    Further exempt purpose

    $210,000
  154. Hugh L Adams Charitable TrustNew York, NY 2020

    General purpose grant

    $155,371
  155. Esther W Spaulding Charitable TrustBuffalo, NY 2020

    To support private secondary schools for women

    $146,440
  156. Angier Charitable FundBoston, MA 2020

    General purpose

    $46,618
  157. Landry Family FoundationBoston, MA 2020

    Exempt purpose

    $25,000
  158. Arthur K Watson Trust XXXXX5001Chicago, IL 2020

    General

    $25,000
  159. Lubrano Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2020

    General charitable purposes

    $22,000
  160. Higgins Elysabeth C B-TRPittsburgh, PA 2020

    General operating purposes

    $20,000
  161. Gold Family FoundationBurbank, CA 2020

    Cultural and educational advancement

    $20,000
  162. Sally Mead Hands FoundationMadison, WI 2020

    Operating funds

    $11,000
  163. Henry L OBrien Foundation IncSarasota, FL 2020

    Further exempt purpose

    $10,000
  164. The Cruz Family Foundation IncRumson, NJ 2020

    Unrestricted grant to support the organization's exempt purpose.

    $7,500
  165. Marie Louise Escher Family Charitable Foundation IncPhiladelphia, PA 2020

    Annual fund raiser

    $7,000
  166. Cora Rust Owen Memorial TrustEagan, MN 2020

    General operating

    $5,250
  167. The Gunk FoundationWoodstock, NY 2020

    Private high school, general operating support for rasin center for global justice

    $5,000
  168. MLE Foundation IncNew Canaan, CT 2020

    General purpose

    $5,000
  169. Creighton Family FoundationBoston, MA 2020

    Educational

    $4,000
  170. Hawksglen Foundation-TrPittsburgh, PA 2020

    General operating purposes

    $4,000
  171. Davis Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2020

    Charitable gift

    $3,000
  172. The Dobson Foundation IncLancaster, PA 2020

    To accomplish 501c3 purpose

    $3,000
  173. Usny Ud M Rovensky 461 FDN NmaDallas, TX 2020

    Unrestricted general

    $2,720
  174. Navias Family FoundationDallas, TX 2020

    Educational

    $2,500
  175. The Thendara FoundationWilmington, DE 2020

    General

    $1,000
  176. Darden Restaurants Inc FoundationOrlando, FL 2020

    Grants - Education Gift Match

    $990
  177. Marianne and George Markham FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2020

    General

    $800
  178. The Stuart L Higley Foundation IncNew Canaan, CT 2020

    Support education programs

    $500
  179. Williams Charles F Scholarship FD PFDNBrooklyn, OH 2020

    Scholarship

    $500
  180. Williams Charles F Scholarship FD PFDNBrooklyn, OH 2020

    Scholarship

    $500
  181. IBM International FoundationArmonk, NY 2020

    Employee matching grant

    $385
  182. Amazonsmile FoundationSeattle, WA 2020

    General support

    $217
  183. Mathilde U and Albert Elser FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2020

    General

    $200
  184. Ion Bank Foundation IncNaugatuck, CT 2020

    Contribution

    $150
  185. Sharp FoundationWilmington, DE 2020

    Assist with financial help in their non-profit needs.

    $100
  186. Albemarle FoundationCharlotte, NC 2020

    Program assistance

    $50
  187. Hugh L Adams Charitable TrustNew York, NY 2019

    General purpose grant

    $146,083
  188. Arthur K Watson Trust XXXXX5001Chicago, IL 2019

    General

    $115,000
  189. Esther W Spaulding Charitable TrustBuffalo, NY 2019

    To support private secondary schools for women

    $107,870
  190. The Edward E Ford Foundation XXXXX2009Chicago, IL 2019

    General

    $75,000
  191. Landry Family FoundationBoston, MA 2019

    Exempt purpose

    $25,000
  192. The Zeckhauser FoundationHobe Sound, FL 2019

    Education

    $20,000
  193. Gold Family FoundationBurbank, CA 2019

    Cultural and educational advancement

    $20,000
  194. The Brooke Brown Barzun Philanthropic Foundation IncLouisville, KY 2019

    Annual fund

    $10,000
  195. The Cruz Family Foundation IncRumson, NJ 2019

    Provide educational programs

    $10,000
  196. Marie Louise Escher Family Charitable Foundation IncPhiladelphia, PA 2019

    Annual fund raiser

    $7,500
  197. Cora Rust Owen Memorial TrustEagan, MN 2019

    General operating

    $5,600
  198. MLE Foundation IncNew Canaan, CT 2019

    General purpose

    $5,000
  199. Theobald FoundationGarden City, NY 2019

    Operational

    $5,000
  200. Creighton Family FoundationBoston, MA 2019

    Educational

    $4,000
  201. Hawksglen Foundation-TrPittsburgh, PA 2019

    General operating purposes

    $4,000
  202. Davis Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2019

    Charitable gift

    $3,000
  203. Henry L OBrien Foundation IncSarasota, FL 2019

    Further exempt purpose

    $2,750
  204. Usny Ud M Rovensky 461 FDN NmaDallas, TX 2019

    Unrestricted general

    $2,720
  205. The Dobson Foundation IncLancaster, PA 2019

    To accomplish 501(c)(3) purpose

    $2,500
  206. The Thendara FoundationWilmington, DE 2019

    General

    $1,000
  207. Marianne and George Markham FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2019

    General

    $1,000
  208. Arkwright FoundationSpartanburg, SC 2019

    General operating support

    $250
  209. Mathilde U and Albert Elser FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2019

    General

    $200
  210. Sharp FoundationWilmington, DE 2019

    Assist with financial help in their non-profit needs.

    $100
  211. Albemarle FoundationCharlotte, NC 2019

    Program assistance

    $50
  212. Hugh L Adams Charitable TrustNew York, NY 2018

    General purpose grant

    $126,822
  213. Sea Otter FoundationYarmouth, ME 2018

    $10,000 scholarship and $50,000 tennis court demo project

    $60,000
  214. Angier Charitable FundBoston, MA 2018

    General purpose

    $50,000
  215. J Q Worthington FoundationNorth Palm Beach, FL 2018

    Building improvement

    $50,000
  216. Crawford Family FoundationPasadena, CA 2018

    General support

    $50,000
  217. Arthur K Watson Trust XXXXX5001Chicago, IL 2018

    General

    $25,000
  218. Gold Family FoundationBurbank, CA 2018

    Cultural and educational advancement

    $20,000
  219. Marie Louise Escher Family Charitable Foundation IncPhiladelphia, PA 2018

    Annual fund raiser

    $10,500
  220. The Zeckhauser FoundationHobe Sound, FL 2018

    Education

    $10,000
  221. The Brooke Brown Barzun Philanthropic Foundation IncLouisville, KY 2018

    Annual fund

    $10,000
  222. The Cruz Family Foundation IncRumson, NJ 2018

    Provide educational programs

    $6,000
  223. Cora Rust Owen Memorial TrustEagan, MN 2018

    General operating

    $5,375
  224. The Dobson Foundation IncLancaster, PA 2018

    To accomplish 501(c)(3) purpose

    $5,000
  225. Davis Family Charitable FoundationBoston, MA 2018

    Charitable gift

    $3,000
  226. Henry L OBrien Foundation IncSarasota, FL 2018

    Further exempt purpose

    $3,000
  227. Marianne and George Markham FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2018

    General

    $1,500
  228. The Bank of America Charitable Foundation IncCharlotte, NC 2018

    Program/operating support

    $1,250
  229. The Thendara FoundationWilmington, DE 2018

    General

    $1,000
  230. Mathilde U and Albert Elser FoundationMilwaukee, WI 2018

    General

    $200
  231. Sharp FoundationWilmington, DE 2018

    Assist with financial help in their non-profit needs.

    $100
  232. Albemarle FoundationCharlotte, NC 2018

    Program assistance

    $50
  233. Gold Family FoundationBurbank, CA 2017

    Cultural and educational advancement

    $20,000
  234. Arthur K Watson Trust XXXXX5001Chicago, IL 2017

    General

    $10,000
  235. The Brooke Brown Barzun Philanthropic Foundation IncLouisville, KY 2017

    General operating support

    $5,000

Funders of similar organizations nearby

Foundations that gave to other education organizations in Middlebury, CT and are not among Westover School Inc’s funders above.

  1. Thomaston Savings Bank Foundation IncThomaston, CT 2 grants Accepts applications $2,500 to similar organizations
  2. The Pfizer Foundation IncNew York, NY 1 grant Preselected only $320 to similar organizations
  3. Webster Bank Charitable FoundationWilmington, DE 1 grant Accepts applications $200 to similar organizations

About this match

Funders write a recipient’s name and address, not its EIN. We matched these grants to EIN 06-0646961 by name and ZIP code, or by name, city and State against the IRS list of exempt organizations and our list of filers. Grants we could not tie to one organization are not counted here.